In North America, Indigenous peoples have lived, governed, stewarded, and spiritually connected to places, territories, and homelands since time immemorial. With European invasion in the Western Hemisphere, genocide was perpetrated along the east coast of the continent and spread to other areas. Turtle Island, as it is lovingly called by Indigenous peoples, was given to Native peoples by the Creator. By the late 1400s to 1700s, invaders caused the lands to be a bloody battleground as the Europeans, including the British, Dutch, French, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish, brought their conflicts over power and territory to this hemisphere. Early on, Tribal Nations engaged in commerce with the newcomers, but soon turned to defending their peoples and lands.
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